Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotes)

Unicellular organisms with a primitive prokaryotic cell structure. Lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Nucleoid and cell wall is present. Examples: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

Kingdom Protista (Simple Eukaryotes)

Unicellular or simple colonial organisms with a eukaryotic cell structure. Possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Move using hair-like cilia, whip-like flagella, or pseudopodia (false feet). Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena.

Kingdom Fungi

Mostly multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Rigid cell wall made up of chitin and polysaccharides. Mostly saprophytic (absorb nutrients from dead matter) or parasitic. Examples: Mushrooms, Penicillium, and Yeast.

Kingdom Plantae

The plant kingdom (Kingdom Plantae) is divided into two main sub-groups:

Non-seed, spore-bearing plants – Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta

Seed-bearing plants – Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

 Characteristics of these sub groups-

Thallophyta – Simple plant body without true roots, stems, or leaves. Example: Aquatic algae, Spirogyra.

Bryophytes: Have root-like and leaf-like structures, but no true vascular tissue. Example: Mosses.

Pteridophytes: First terrestrial plants with true vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Body is divided into true roots, stems, and leaves. Example: Fern.

Gymnosperms: Produce naked seeds that are not enclosed inside a fruit. Usually have needle-like leaves and form cones. Example: Pine, Redwood.

Angiosperms: Flowering plants with seeds enclosed inside a fruit. Most advanced and widespread group on Earth. Divided into monocots and dicots. Examples: Apple, Orange, Tomato etc.